MAKING BHARAT SWACH SINCE FOUR DECADES:
MEET MR. BINDESHWAR PATHAK OF SULABH SAUCHALAYA
Often small things around us get unnoticed and we fail to realise the true story behind them. Many of us would have come across Sulabh Shauchalayas but did you ever came across as an social revolution which uplifted millions of scavengers across India? An unlikely source of this revolution is not any government but rather a brahmin who aspired to be a teacher. Read the amazing life story of Mr. Bindeshwar Pathak.
Early Life:
Bindeshwar Pathak was born on April 2, 1943 to a very traditional, upper-class Brahmin family in Bihar. As expected, he received a traditional brahmin upbringing as per his family social stature. From childhood, Pathak was exposed to the discrimination against the lower casts. As a child he noticed how his house was cleaned by sprinkling of water when a adivasi – so called 'untouchable' used to visit his house. Curiously a young Pathak touched this lady once which ultimately led him to eat cow dung and dring cow urine and then bathe in the holy river ganga to get pure again. This was his first brush with untouchability and over the years he encountered many more cases of discrimination.
His childhood though was not entirely a smooth affair. At age 12, his foot slipped from a 30-feet high mango tree which left his left arm with multiple fractures. He barely missed having an amputation on the hand. Then in age 13, his family
fell into some severe financial crisis after his uncle, the head of the joint family, was murdered. Pathak persevered with his studies during the childhood years and had ambitions of becoming a professor one day. However, we just missed on his dream after he failed to secure first class in his graduation in Sociology in 1964 just by few marks.
After missing out on his dreams, Pathak had to take up a job as a school teacher earning a meagre salary. Over the next few years, Pathak switched his occupation quite a few times and tried his hands at everything to make his ends meet but was unable to settle successfully in any of his endeavours. His fortunes failed to look up even after his marriage in 1965 at age 22. Pathak even had to sell his wife's jewellery to sustain his life. At age 25 he worked as a street salesman trying to sell his grandfather's home cure ayurveda mixture, with 10 kg load of bottles slung on both shoulders. After months of hardwork, Pathak thought it to be 'lacking in respect' and had to abandone this too.
The New Beggining:
Just as life was looking uncertain and dark, Pathak he bagged a temporary writer's assignment with the Mahatma Gandhi Centenary Celebration Committee (MGCCC) in Patna in late 1960s. It was at this place that Pathak, who had first hand experience the plight and discrimination of the lower castes, joined the Bhangi-Mukti (scavengers’ liberation) Cell of the (MGCCC). After this, he was further exposed to and gained deeper understanding of the plight and indignity faced by millions of manual scavengers of India. A decisive shift in his life came in 1967 when a social worker convinced him to fulfil Gandhi's social concerns and look for ways towards liberation of the scavenger castes.
Pathak took up the mission in all sincerity and proceeded to live in in a colony of scavengers in Bihar for over three months. This was unthinkable for a Brahmin in Bihar in the sixties to do something remotely like this. However, Pathak was convinced that he needed to make a change by understanding their lives. During this period Pathak witnessed two events which left a lasting impression in his mind. First, when he saw a new-wed bride crying when her in-laws forced her to clean their toilets. Second, when he saw a young boy succumbing to his injuries after being hit by a wild bull. He died not because of his injuries but because nobody came forward to take him to hospital as he belonged to a lower caste community. By the time Pathak reached, the boy was already dead. Those three months changed Pathak's life.
The Sulabh Revolution:
After his experiences, Pathak was determined to search for a solution provide a dignified life and earning to the scavengers. For this, he had to end the practice of humans disposing humans' waste but this had to be done in a manner that could be profitable and provided livelyhood. Pathak finally decided to build maintenance-free toilets and established the Sulabh International Social Service Organization in 1970. The western-style flush toilet and centralised water-borne sewage system was not affordable for many at that time. So Pathak kept working on his toilet model and soon developed the technology of an affordable, two-pit pour-flush toilet. The system avoided the need to a septic tank or seware systems and didn't require cleaning of human excreta and turned out solid, odourless, pathogen-free manure.
For a couple of years, Pathak was constrained by resources to build toilets. However, idea caught up in 1973 when a municipal officer who sanctioned him Rs 500 to build two public toilets. After this, Pathak went on to construct more such toilets. In 1974, Pathak introduced the pay-and-use system for maintaining the community toilets and baths. This proved to be a catalyst and an instant hit with the scavenging community who could now earn a decent living. Soon enough, several other toilets were built all over Bihar. From 1978 onwards, Sulabh toilets spread to Bengal, Orissa, UP and then to all across the country.
The simple idea of building Sulabh Sauchalaya was not only solving the problem of sanitation and hygiene but was also helping liberate the scavenger community. The success of his model created also helped create a huge behavioural change when people started paying for the use of public toilets. It also brought in a cultural shift when people started to socially accept people for the scavenging community.
All these years, Pathak's efforts continued. In 1980 he earned his master's degree and in 1985, his PhD from the University of Patna with his thesis on the subject. In 1985, he started a training and rehabilitation program for the wards of scavengers in different skills & trades like typing, motor driving, mechanics, masonry work, carpentry, etc. He continued the fight to improve the social status of the scavenging community by organising talks and seminars to create social awareness against unfounded beliefs and prejudices. In 2001, Sulabh expanded its activities to include women empowerment and started a country-wide program for involvement of women in sanitation, health and hygiene. In July 2011, 200 women of the community that was once considered untouchable accompanied Pathak to offer prayers at Kashi Vishwanath Temple (KVT). There, they also shared food with Brahmins and other upper caste people.
Sulabh International Impact:
Sulabh International is perhaps the largest nonprofit organization in India today. From sanction of Rs.500 for two toilets, today there are 1.3 million such toilets in over 640 cities/towns across India alone which have resulted in upliftment of over a million scavengers. The impact and benefit to environment can only be imaged by the fact that in just one year Sulabh two pit system saves over 49,056 million litres of water!
The organization today promotes hygienic and sustainable sanitation and is committed towards the causes of human rights, non-conventional sources of energy, waste management and social reforms through education. Sulabh International has now perfected an excreta-based biogas plant that generates biogas to be used for heating, cooking and electricity. In 2002, Sulabh came with a new and convenient technology - Sulabh Effluent Treatment (SET), to make biogas plant effluents free from color, odor and pathogen and which makes effluents safe and suitable for agriculture, aquaculture or safe discharge into any water body.
Pathak, however, has remained modest and even refused to patent his two-pit toilet. The technology has now been adopted in cities across Africa, Asia and even central America to construct public-toilet complexes for public use. It is perhaps the biggest mass sanitation effort in the world. The UNDP even has a detailed report on the workings and success of the programme. The model is now being promoted across even developed countries who are now seeing rationale in having such independent, self sustaining, eco-friendly toilet model.
Awards & Recognitions:
Bindeshwar Pathak is a Padma Bhushan (1991) recipient from the Government of India. He also received the Energy Globe Award, the Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini Award for Environment (2003), Stockholm Water Prize (2009) and the Legend of Planet award from the French senate in Paris (2013). In April 2016, the Mayor of New York City, declared 14 April 2016 as Bindeshwar Pathak Day. Apart from these awards, Pathak has also received numerous other prominent awards and recognitions, a few of them are...
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Humanitarian Award of the New York Global Leaders Dialogue, 2016
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Public Health Champions Awards by World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016
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The 'NGO Leadership and Excellence Award' by the World CSR Congress, 2014
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Lifetime Achievement Award by V World Aqua Congress, 2011
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Bihar Ratna Award, 2010
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Sanitation Visionary Award by World Toilet Organisation, 2009
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Global 500 Roll of Honour Award by UNEP, Beirut (Lebanon), 2003
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Dubai International Award for ‘Best Practices for Improving the Living Environment’ by UNCHS, 2000
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Limca Book of Records’ ‘Man of the Year Award’, 1995
Conclusion:
Pathak, who is staunch believer of Gandhian views and of Ambedkar as well, today welcomes the change in cultural change in society were largely, no one is called and treated as an untouchable. Though there are a few who see the 27c Crore Sulabh as a social enterprise, Pathak insists that he is a social scientist. Pathak's journey inspires many to look at social enterprise in a different light and also as a proof that technology, innovation and social impact can go hand in hand.
India is an incredible country. Because many unsung hereos from different parts of the country make it one. One such unknown name and face, is of a person, known as the “Forest Man” of India. In this month's story, we have brought to you some inspiration from the forests of Assam.
The Life Changing Event:
It was in 1979 when a 16 year boy – Jadav Molai Payeng, belonging to the Mishing tribe, had just completed his class X exams in Jorhat. It was a scorching summer day in April when Jadav, was returning to his birthplace at Aruna spori, a discreet island on the mighty Brahmaputra river. On reaching, he encountered a sight that shocked him. There were hundreds of dead, curled up snakes lying on the deserted sandbar. Apparently, the snakes had been washed up to the sandbar after floods and died without any tree cover. It was a heartbreaking moment for the young boy who loved and lived amongst nature.
A distressed Jadav approached a nearby tribal village and expressed his sorrow. It was native wisdom that more trees will attract more birds and animals, which will provide more food, especially eggs, and shelter to snakes. The villagers offered the boy 50 seeds and 25 bamboo plants to pursue his endeavour. Looking back, Jadav says this was a life changing event, the impact of which on his life, was unknown to him back then. The young 16 year boy set out all alone in 1978 summer to plant those first 25 bamboo samplings on that island covered only with sand and silt. And the rest is history.
Early life:
The plight of a poor tribal forest family can be very well imagined. Jadav was third among the 13 kids of his parents, including 7 girls. His family sold cow's milk and making ends meet was very tough with such a large family. In 1965 severe floods struck their village, situated along the banks of River Brahmaputra, when the entire village was forced to migrate to the other side of the river, 12 kms away from their home and they were left without any means. Five year old Jadav was left in care of a government employee in Jorhat, Assam who looked after his basic needs and schooling. After class X, young Jadav was forced to give up studies and return to his village to take care of the livestock left by his deceased parents.
The Molai Forest.
After the deeply moving incident of dead snakes, Jadav developed a strong desire to plant more trees. An opportunity came in form of a tree plantation scheme on 200 hectares of forest division of Golaghat district, not too far away from Jorhat, in the same year. Jadav was one of the labourers in the scheme, which was later abandoned after 5 years in 1983. Even after the end of the project, Jadav chose to stay back and continued working alone in the plantation after all labourers had left. He not only looked after the plants, but continued to plant more trees on his own, in an effort to transform the area into a forest.
From the barren sands, the desire to grow trees had now become a passion, an obsession for Jadav which knew no limits. Jadav was an in person witness to how the number of migratory birds and snakes were falling in the forests and wetlands in his hometown. He knew he had to do something. For the next 3 decades, Jadav kept visiting this land every day and kept planting and caring for trees. Majority of the plantation was done in fertile period during monsoons and the rest of the year, especially summers, he took special care, like watering small trees and plants. Jadav also used this time to carefully collect and nurture different samplings to be planted over the next year. The forest was single-handedly attended by Payeng for 30 years without any government or NGO or local body support. Jadav though laments the indifference of the local forest officials in the past who neither helped him grow the forest nor paid any attention to endangered animals regularly visiting and seeking shelter in the forest.
It was only by sheer will, persistence and determination, that Jadav's efforts saw the abandoned plantation getting converted into a forest, which now boasts of a huge area of 550 hectares or 1360 acres. Today the forest has come to be known as the “Molai Forest”, named after Jadav Molai Payeng. The forest has several thousand trees exhibiting an amazing diversity and includes a wide variety of fruit bearing, medicinal and shelter providing trees and plants. This attractive and one of a kind forest in the region is home to a number of Bengal tigers, Indian rhinoceros', deer, boars, elephants, apes, monkeys, rabbits and several varieties of birds, including a large number of endangered vultures and of course many species of snakes.
Surprisingly, the forest was unknown to authorities until the year 2008, when one day the forest officials went in search of a troop of 115 elephants who had retreated into this forest after damaging property in a nearby village. The officials were amazed to see such a vast, rich, diverse and fertile forest, and since then have been regularly visiting it. Jadav has also been instrumental in helping forest officials in the fight against poaching. However, living so close to the forest has its cons and Jadav, over the past 3 decades, has sacrificed around 200 of his cows, buffaloes and pigs to the tigers of the forest. “They (tigers) do not know farming, you see”, he says jokingly.
Personal Life:
At the age of 39, Jadav married 25 year old Binita, on continuous insistence of his village elders. They now have three school going children. Jadav had to move with his family to Eklong Mising Gaon, Kokilamukh, Jorhat, in 2011 for his kids' schooling, away from his forest home and livestock. Now his usual day begins at 3 AM, then cycling an hour to reach the river. After 5 kms of paddling in the river, again cycling for 30 minutes to reach his home. He then tends to his livestock and fields, dispatches milk for sale, has breakfast and then walks into his beloved forest to spend the rest of the day. Late afternoon, the entire commuting cycle repeats itself to take Jadav back to his family in Jorhat.
Awards & Recognitions:
Jadav might have remained behind shadows, but his goodness could not be veiled for too long. It was his friend – Jitu Kalita, a local wildlife photographer, who published an article on his life in the year 2010. In 2012, the Jawaharlal Nehru University invited Jadav on Earth Day and honoured him with the title of the ‘Forest Man of India’ in a public function in recognition of his remarkable solo undertaking. Later in 2012, he was also felicitated by the late President APJ Abdul Kalam who also gave him a cash award. The same year, Jadav was amongst 900 experts who gathered at the seventh global conference of the International Forum for Sustainable Development at Evian in France. In 2013, he was honoured at the Indian Institute of Forest Management. Sanctuary Asia bestowed on him the Wildlife Service Award. And his highest honour came in the form of Padma Shri.
Jadav's life has also been the subject of documentaries in recent years, like 'The Molie Forest' and 'Foresting Life'. One such documentary named 'Forest Man' was even awarded as the Best Documentary prize at the Emerging Filmmaker Showcase at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. He is also the subject of an illustrated children's book.
The Man:
Jadav strongly recommends making Environmental Sciences a mandatory subject for children and believes that every school child must be given the responsibility to grow at least two trees. He believes that every person has the responsibility to do something good for the planet. He has expectedly spent all his cash awards and money on a new forest – a 5,000 acre area where he has also hired 4 labourers. In future, he wants to undertake more such initiatives in different areas of India, like Rajasthan where he wishes to work on some dammed areas.
Be it anywhere, one thing is for sure; Jadav will always be found creating and caring a forest in some part of India. Every tomorrow will be another day to sow seeds in pursuit of building a forest for generations to come. Today the country needs more such Jadavs who are trying to make the Earth a better place to live for one and all.